The American Economy

Introduction The U.S. economy remains the largest economy in the world despite the fast emerging economies such as China, Japan and India among others. These emerging economies threaten the U.S. economy with regard to losing of its competitive advantage. However, in 2010, the GDP of U.S. was estimated to be at $ 14.7 trillion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The American Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This estimate clearly positions U.S. economy at the frontline. The U.S. economy is also widely known for maintaining high output per capita that enables it to rank at sixth position worldwide. Additionally, the U.S. ranks among the top well recognized countries in trade and commerce. The supremacy of U.S. economy might be strongly drawn from its ability to maintain stable gross domestic product, high levels of research, maintenance of low unemployment levels and high levels of capital investments at the na tional and international level. To understand the economy of U.S. more clearly it will be somewhat prudent to subdivide the economy into subsections for easy comprehension of the economical units. This will further enable one to appreciate the economy in general and more significantly to conquer with suggestions provided to improve the economy as well as coming up with personal opinion. Income and wealth The report released in the beginning of 2008 indicated that the pretax median household income was at the average $50,000 for the year 2007. The median household income ranged from one region to another. For instance, in Maryland it was at $68,000 while for Mississippi was at $36,000. There was an increase of income from 2006 to year 2007 for employees who worked full time. Similar increase was also notable in women. The rising economy was mostly credited to the increasing income from the taxpayers. However, the number of employment dropped significantly in the year 2008 after the n ation faced economic crisis. Retailing This is the major sector of the U.S. economy. The common retailing enterprises in the U.S. include Montgomery, Target, Burger King and Wal-Mart (Landefeld 40).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These firms are mostly concerned with producing consumer goods. These firms frequently raise prices of their products due to the ever-increasing energy and labor costs. This consequently affects the economy and sometimes the government is forced to intervene the operations of such businesses to safeguard consumers. Agriculture The large fertile land and technologically improved methods of crops cultivation have enabled the U.S. economy to produce about a half of the total grains consumed worldwide. The products produced are corn, wheat, cotton, fruits, dairy products, fish, vegetables and poultry among others. Additionally, U.S. is among the few co untries that enjoys subsidies from the government especially in the agricultural sector. This has consequently resulted to more production of agricultural products (Landefeld and Barbara 163). Finance The U.S. posses a number of great stock markets in the world. New York stock Exchange is the largest stock exchange with a capitalization of US$10.1 trillion for the companies listed over there. Another great stock exchange known as NASDAQ is third in the world after Japan’s Tokyo Stock Exchange though it is reported to have a higher trade volume per hour as compared to JTSE. About 3,800 companies have listed their shares with NASDAQ stock exchange. Manufacturing A report produced in 2008 indicates that the manufacturing output of US economy was larger as compared to that of China, India and Brazil when combined. The industrial output for the year 2007 was at $2.69 trillion. Among the industries that contributed to this output include petroleum, steel, automobiles, telecommunica tion, chemicals, electronics, consumer goods, mining , lumber, agricultural manufacturers and aerospace.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The American Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, the U.S. is known for being the leading country in manufacturing airplanes. Companies that engage in activities of producing airplanes include Boeing, Lockheed, General Dynamics and Cessna. In spite of the great stake, they hold at the global level, recently US economy faced job losses in the industrial sector. Energy The U.S. is the largest economy well known for consuming high amount of energy. Most of the energy consumed is attained from fossil fuels. On average, 23% of total energy comes from coal, 24% from natural gas, 7.4% from nuclear power, and 6.6% from the renewable hydroelectric energy while 40% of the energy comes from petroleum. In general, transportation sector has been recognized to be largest sector consuming highest level of energy averaging 69% of the total oil used in U.S. Transportation sector mostly consume the oil energy (Landefeld and Barbara 33). International trade The U.S. is the largest nation that participates in the international trade. It imports more products than any other country in the world. It is also renowned to be among the few nations that outsource its’ services. This has led their currency to be in high circulation across the world. More importantly, the US currency has always been used in the international markets as a standard unit of currency for many commodities such as petroleum. Most strong economies such as China hold U.S. currency reserves for investment and international trade purposes. However, U.S. is criticized for having imbalanced international trade as imports are reported to exceed exports. For instance, the imports for the 2008 were at $2.5 trillion while exports were at $1.8 trillion.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recently, the U.S. economy is said to operate with high public deficit in which most strong economies are threatening to stop holding U.S. dollar reserves. The economic crisis of 2008 had somewhat reduced the trading volume of the U.S. economy as most big companies were incapacitated. In particular, the import volume went down. Government intervention in the economy The government of the U.S. intervene the market in a number of ways. Some direct involvement includes set of rules that guides the market with a view of controlling market prices. Among these rules, include those set for the banking system such as the minimum depository requirement by the Federal Reserve as for all commercial banks. These rules focus on full disclosure for prudent decision making by investors and employees, fraud prevention and more importantly upholding lending to the lower-income section. The government also controls the private sector in a bid to push for social goals. For instance, the U.S. governmen t established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration that advocates safe working environment. Other policies established by the government include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration. However, these regulations were seen to make expensive the operation of most business (Barrett 27). These expenses were incurred in establishing labor, consumer and environmental rules. Taxation and government spending Taxation is levied at various levels in the U.S. economy. Majorly, federal government, state government and local government charge the tax. Federal government, state government and local government often collect an average of 40% of the consumers’ income. Taxation forms major part of income for the U.S. economy. The U.S. government expends its finances in several direct services. These services includes provision of national defense, supporting research that leads to innovation of products at the market and running programs tha t help employees improve their skills. The government is also concerned with providing infrastructure such as road construction. Recently, the government increased its spending in the health sector. The U.S. has been having a kind of economy in which expenses exceed revenues. This means the government frequently faces budget deficits that have increased the public debt. The government always gets additional finances from the issue of bonds at the domestic and international market. Emergence of fastest growing economies With this general knowledge of U.S. economy, we will be able to understand on what needs to be done to bring the economy back on track as it is losing its grips economically due to a number of factors. In the recent global economy, countries such as China, India, France, Japan and other Asian and European countries have portrayed strong economic growth that is exerting pressure on the competitiveness of the U.S. economy. In fact, China has astonished the world by be ing able to produce goods and services at the lowest cost. Today china ranks high in exporting its products across the world. U.S. on the contrary is losing its exports to China and Japan (Lieberman 76). Importance of having a good market structure A good analysis of the market would help the U.S. economy pick up again with strong spirit. It is recognized that the economy of a country depends on the output of the industries. If an industry is producing more products then most probably an economy will experience low unemployment levels. This is because the industry will employ more workers. It may also increase employees’ salary due high profits because of massive production. Consequently, there will be a general increase in the level of income. More income will mean more spending and more savings that will lower rate of borrowing from banks and financial institutions. Due to these factors, the level of investment would increase drastically. Indeed, more consumption will induc e some industries to produce more products. Other factors such as technology also need to be put into consideration when it comes to production. Technology was once known to spawn most industries in the U.S. It has helped improve efficiency and effectiveness (Lieberman 36). Therefore, an individual should study the market close to make some informed decisions on how to improve the economy in general. In fact, this is what needed to be done to ensure U.S. does not face continued economic slowdown. Typically, the U.S. economy is a mixed because only a small number of firms are publicly owned while the rest are privately owned. This market is free and only has little intervention from the government. Therefore, the forces of demand and supply of the products that falls under same industry commonly determine prices and quantity to be sold. A graph showing price determination in perfect competitive market This ensures there is competition at the market. Fair competition helps most compa nies to ponder over the most efficient methods of reducing cost of operations with the main reason of selling their products at lower cost as well as making reasonable profit. The competition also forces the companies to produce high quality products that will automatically attract the customers. At the end, this kind of industry will become so efficient at the national level and eventually at the international level. Therefore, it is wise for the government not to interfere with the market operations because it is responsible for monitoring and controlling business operations in the economy. It may only do so at extreme levels especially where few large companies are merging to form monopoly. This mostly happens in an oligopoly market where few firms exist. It has been wise for the U.S. government to avoid large oil companies from both unfair acquisition and merging. It therefore means that perfect competitive market might be the best market that induces price reduction as well as quality improvement. This will later have a strong effect at the global market (Lieberman 115). As far as US economy is concerned, the main question that remains unanswered is whether US market will be able to produce commodities at lower cost as compared to other markets elsewhere in the world. U.S. market particularly failed to produce products at affordable costs worldwide due to its high labor cost. The strength of the U.S. dollar might also explain this scenario if viewed in the light of other currencies such as that of China. High taxes imposed on U.S. goods hikes the level of U.S. products. Therefore, this means a number of steps need to be taken to safeguard US market and economy in general. Of course reducing cost of production is not easy because no worker will accept his wage to be slashed. Research Development investment with aim of improving technology The next thing that will appear to be applicable at the optimization level is all about the technology. The U.S. was f or long known as the leading country concerning technology. Some of the industries that embrace innovation and technology include aerospace, computers and office machineries, communications equipment, medical field, precision and optical equipments. Technology ensures either products or services produced are of high quality. Moreover, since consumers are rationale they will tend to choose products that offer high quality. Eventually, this will differentiate products of one economy from another. In the recent times, fastest growing economies such as India, Taiwan, Singapore and China among others are tending to overtake U.S. though they are still below. Indeed their pace in terms of economical performance is a threat to U.S. economy. Their large part of economical performance is attributed to large investment in RD. For instance, those fastest growing economies such as Ireland, Israel, China and Singapore increased their total investment in RD by 140%. US had an increase of 34% that is a low percentage as compared to its competitors (Hicks 76). Total RD investments: Emerging Economies Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Main Science and Technology Indicators, May 2003.Compiled by the APS Office of Public Affairs Fastest growing economies: china, Singapore, Ireland, Israel, Taiwan In order to deal with issue of technology, emphasis has to be put on the RD. low investment by US economy on the RD predicts that most likely US will lose its competitiveness in the technology field to those upcoming nations. One of the factors leading to this situation is the dropping number of students enrolling for sciences and engineering courses. Statistics indicates that percentage of those enrolling for S and E undergraduate courses declined by 10% as for U.S. citizens while it increased by 25% for foreign students. Graduate institutions: Foreign students outnumber U.S. students Source: National Science Foundation, Graduate Students and Post doctorat es in Science and Engineering: Fall 2001, Tables 8-9. Compiled by the APS Office of Public Affairs. Employment of technology in production methods Being innovative and inventive in the market will merely depend on the level of technical skills available with the labor market. Today world has turn out to embrace technology with the aim of optimization. This means producing quality services and goods at the lowest cost achievable. Therefore, U.S. has to embark on serious research and design to improve its production processes. However, how does technology help? For instance if U.S. is using the same number of labor and the same amount of materials in producing two different types of products then it means increasing production of one kind of product will automatically decrease the production of the other. However, this may not hold true if technology is employed in production methods. A graph showing production of two different types of product Production of product A 1000 units If t he country opts to produce 1000 units of product A then it will be producing zero units of product B. It will also happen the other way round if it chooses to produce 1000 units of product A. With efficient utilization of labor and materials, the production will be optimal and thus the economy will be operating along the possibility production curve. Otherwise, if there is inefficient utilization of the production units then it will operate and below the line. However, if technology is utilized in such production there is possibility of producing beyond the possibility production line. This means using the same amount of materials and labor a country is bound to produce more output. U.S. should fight for efficient economy especially in this era when resources seem to be scarce (Hicks 63). Conclusion The U.S. nation certainly enjoys a strong economy in the light of other nations. Moreover, it has strong military and sophisticated politics that has seen it earn more respect from other countries. However, all the strength depends on the performance of economical sector. For instance, having best politics requires a nation that is endowed with many political scientists who would always ensure best constitution is available to guide the country. These experts are products of best learning institutions. The learning institutions require finances to be established. It also requires enabled parents in terms of finances to take their children to those institutions. Generally, this needs a well off economy. Considering that, other nations are driving their economy so fast an urge has to be induced to improve US economy as well. This needs keen understanding of domestic and global market otherwise the market might spin out of control. The fall of Lehman’s Brothers, Enron and WorldCom should serve as a lesson on how to protect the economy from collapse of such companies that contributes significant economy. The government should protect domestic companies from fore ign competition. Technology should be emphasized in the manufacturing sector to improve the quality of their services as well as offering competitive products at the global market (Barrett 36). Other measures such as encouraging domestic production through subsidies as well as shielding domestic firms from foreign competition should not be left behind. Some unfair market practices such as those oligopolies merging to form monopoly should be discouraged. For instance, it was wise for government to prevent acquisition of Exxon Mobil’s assets in Maine by Irving Energy. Works Cited Barrett, Craig. â€Å"The Next Economy.† Foreign Policy Magazine. September/October 2004. Hicks, Diana. â€Å"Asian countries strengthen their research,† Summer 2004. July 28, 2011. https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-120251197/asian-countries-strengthen-their-research Landefeld, Steven and Barbara, Fraumeni. â€Å"Measuring the New Economy,† March 2001. July 28, 2011. https://apps.be a.gov/scb/pdf/beawide/2001/0301mne.pdf Lieberman, Joseph. â€Å"Offshore Outsourcing and America’s Competitive Edge: Losing in the High Technology RD and Services Sector.† May 2004. Web. This essay on The American Economy was written and submitted by user Savannah Giles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Case Study, Disney

Case Study, Disney Transformation of managerial skills Since its foundation, Disney has experienced transformations in managerial skills. The transformations have been due to the changing business environment and as Samson Daft assert, managers should align their skills with the relevant strategies for business survival and expansion in this changing market (2009, p.83). As illustrated, managerial skill’s transformation depends on economic situation of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study, Disney specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Participative to scientific management skills At its foundation, Walter and his brother, Roy, clearly understood that for the company to grow stably and compete effectively, it required teamwork and cooperation. The managers therefore deployed participative skills in the organization’s administration. In fact, Walter advocated for cooperation and teamwork among the ‘ members’ of the organization regardless of the position one held. However, during Eisner’ period the focus was no more on the foundation. The managerial skills transformed from participative to scientific in which Eisner focused on the best way to do things; Eisner dedicated his strength to creativity. Specialization to innovation skills Walter and Roy deployed specialization and division of labour during the foundation. Walter specialized in production while Roy headed the finances. In specialization, managers focus on the output of each individual with little regard of their individual development. This managerial skill was significant for the setting of strong foundation of the Disney Company. Eisner on his part focused on growth and development of individual employees. In order to leverage the company’s financial situation after Walter’s death, Eisner encouraged innovation among the employees through the concept of learning organization. By introducti on of cross-divisional initiatives, Eisner deployed not only specialization skills but also innovation skills among the employees. Hybrid style of leadership Initially, Walter and Roy focused on employees’ completion of duties with little concern about their specific needs. They demonstrate leadership style in which employees are ‘free to think’. Walter emphasized on performance regardless of the position of the employee. In order to revive the company’s financial situation, Eisner deployed conglomerate of leadership skills. Learning organization aimed to develop the employees, whereas the cross-divisional initiatives meant to improve the performance each employee. In his leadership, Eisner therefore used both skills of people-oriented and task-oriented styles. Eisner developed ‘organizational hierarchy’ through his emphasize for skilled managers. This evidences that Eisner used some bureaucratic skills to manage the organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Learning Organisation Disney should adopt the concept of learning organization in order to benefit from the advantages it presents to the businesses in the dynamic market of the 21st century. In order to realize effective expansion and fulfil the dreams of the founder, Walter, Disney management should adopt the concept of learning organization. Expansion of business requires motivated management and employees. Since for decades the management focus has been on ‘task-completion’ without regard of individual development, it is important to empower employees through learning organization. Learning organization encourages rewards and punishment based on performance. The management should develop an evaluation strategy to reward those who perform excellently and punish underperformers. As a result, high performer feel empowered while und erperformer feel challenged. Once challenged, the underperformers have to improve. In effect, the overall performance and expansion of Disney will improve. Innovation is integral part of strategic planning for creative companies such as Disney. With the dynamic technologies in creativity, Disney has to keep its systems updated, which will guarantee it a considerable market share for its products. Learning organization enhances innovation of technologies among the employees. Such technologies should be specific for completion of tasks within the organization. Learning organization encourages the management to provide employees with challenging tasks. Since the employees have to accomplish these tasks, despite the challenges, they have to research and consult on the effective means of handling the challenges. Research enables capacity development and growth of individual employees. At Disney, the shop floor employees will acquire more skills and boost their level of innovation and con sequently, the organization will experience high-level creativity for a competitive position in the industry. Learning organization enhances globalization. As illustrated in the case, Roy’s attempt to new ventures of the business resulted into financial crisis of the organization. Globalization and trading in international market has a direct correlation with expansion in terms of product and services of a business. Roy’s failure was a result of lack of learning organization principles. Learning organization enhances innovation and creativity. Innovation results into creation of efficient methods and procedures of ‘production’. Efficient methods mean mass production of high quality and low cost products. Products with such features attract more customers in the market. Learning organization would therefore enhance Disney’s trade in the international market and compete with the leading players in the industry.Advertising We will write a custo m essay sample on Case Study, Disney specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Eisner’s Management skills Scientific managerial skills Eisner’s introduction of learning organization illustrates deployment of scientific skills of management. Scientific management dictates for four strategies of management, which aligns to characteristics of learning organization. The management should reward and punish employees on their basis of performance. The employees should develop the best and creative ways of accomplishing their duties. In scientific management, the manager should plan and control the employees and by using learning organization, Eisner introduced scientific skills of management. Some aspects of this skill could be applicable to the today’s management. However, the managers should be involved not only in planning, as depicted by the management theory, but also in active engagement of the plan. By doing so, these managers w ill have what Eisner refers to as ‘hand-on skill’. In turn, it enhances efficiency in accomplishment of the organizational plans. Capacity development skills In his leadership, Eisner focused on innovation of individual employees. Learning organization encourages innovation, as earlier noted. Eisner once noted â€Å"Synergy, For Us, Goes with Creativity† (Walt Disney Co, 2011, p.2). This emphasizes his efforts to enhance creativity. In this way, Eisner deployed the skill of capacity development for it employees. The market dynamics experienced in the current business world is a result of changing technologies in creativity. To compete in such situations therefore, today’s managers should use this management skill. Learning organization skill Learning organization is a management skill in itself. Eisner introduced the skill to motivate the employees as â€Å"motivated employees develop the own-drive to undertake their duties† (Samson Daft, 2009, p. 84). To achieve this strategy, the management should assign duties to the employees based on interest and hard work. In this way, the employees perform their duties effectively. In fact, Eisner’ success at Disney was due to learning organization. Since learning organization acts to motivate employees, current managers can still use it to motivate their employees. With the changing market, managers should apply the learning organization skill to empower employees to meet these dynamics. Hybrid leadership skill As noted, Eisner combined aspects of different leadership styles to leverage the financial situation of the organization. He combined the aspects of people-oriented and task-oriented leadership. His emphasis on creativity and capacity building of individual employees manifests this fact.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bureaucratic aspects were also eminent in his management. For instance, his focus on employing highly experienced and skilled managers reveals the ‘organizational hierarchy’ in the company. Hybrid skills are practical to the management of this century because decision-making varies with situations and time. Since these changes are complex, managers find it difficult to apply a single style of leadership in management. References Samson, D., Daft, R. L. (2009). Leading in Organizations: Management. South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning Australia. Walt Disney Co. (2011). Once upon a time at Disney. Retrieved from https://dpep.disney.com/

Criminal Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Law - Assignment Example Common law has fundamental roots from judicial and customs precedents and not statutes. It forms part of English law that mostly contrasts statutory law. Common law relates to English law modified and adopted differently by federal governments (Casenotes and Briefs 77). Mores describes the conventions and identifiable customs of the community. Mores relates to habits, ways of life or traditions embraced by the community. Mores defines the moral attitudes acceptable in an individual society. Stare a decisi relates to the doctrines of precedent in the creation of legal principle of determining points in a lawsuit. It defines the principles of law on which the court used to rest an erstwhile decision. Statute law, as opposed to customary or oral law, refers to written laws by legislators and legislatures. Legislators write statute laws in monarchy states. Legislative rules prescribe, declare, or commands specific requirements. Substantive Criminal law relates to written rulings that explain the duties and rights in criminal and civil law. States can enact substantive criminal law by initiative processes (Cole, Smith, and DeJong 75). It includes component items that usable to qualify and make a case as a crime. It involves breach of the constitution. They include an act involving physical action and criminal intent. Winning criminal trials involves proving that an element of necessity is absent. Bill of Attainder is a statutory act imposing punishment on an individual or a group of easily recognizable individuals. In most instances, decision on treason is executed without trial. The American constitution prohibits

Base on the prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Base on the prompt - Essay Example There are three business segments through which Wal-Mart operates its business: Walmart US, Sam’s Club, and Walmart International. The retail stores have four different formats: discount centers, supercenters, neighborhood markets, and other small formats (Company Profile Wal-Mart Stores Inc, 4). The key products that are offered by Wal-Mart, Inc. include: food products, consumables, entertainment goods, apparel, and goods for home; major services are: pharmacy and optical services; money order services, check cashing, photo processing services, etc. (Company Profile Wal-Mart Stores Inc, 23-24). In addition to the retail units, Wal-Mart offers its products and services through the e-commerce websites available in 10 countries (Corporate.walmart.com). Wal-Mart launched its strategy of the international business expansion in 1991, by going to neighboring countries: Canada, Mexico, and some countries of the Latin America. The total number of Wal-Mart’s international locations exceeding the number of 6,100 enables the company to generate almost 30% of its revenue ($136, 318 mln in 2013) (Company Profile Wal-Mart Stores Inc, 26). Table 1 provides an overview of some of the key facts related to the Wal-Mart’s operations in different foreign markets. Wal-Mart has started its international expansion with opening its stores or by acquiring established local retailers in neighboring countries, such as Mexico, Canada, Brazil and Argentina. The company’s success in these countries has encouraged the management to go further and expand to China, the UK, Japan, Central America, India, and African continent. Wal-mart has opened its stores in few countries, including Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, China, and India. In order to enter all other countries, Wal-Mart has applied Mergers & Acquisition strategy, buying out either whole leading retailing companies operating locally or some stake of

ECONOMIC ADVISEMENT PAPER Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

ECONOMIC ADVISEMENT - Research Paper Example The unemployment rate reported from 1948 until 2013, on an average was 5.81 percent. The highest unemployment rate recorded in USA was in November of 1982 which was 10.83 percent and the lowest was recorded in May of 1953, which was 2.50 percent. In united state, the unemployment rate measures the people who are unemployed, from the labor force. (trading economics, 2013) The interest rate in USA is reported by the Federal Reserve. The interest rate last recorded in USA was 0.25 percent. From 1917 until 2013 the average interest rate was 6.81 percent. The highest interest rate recorded was in March 1980, which was 20 percent, while the lowest interest rate was 0.25 in December 2008. In the United States, the interest rate is decided by the combined decision of the Federal Reserve (board) and the federal open market committee (FOMC). The decision is made by the board on the basis of the recommendations, given by one or more regional Federal Reserve Bank. (united state interest rate, 2013) According to a report by the commerce department, there was an increase of 2.6 percent in the consumer income, in USA. The report says that the salaries and wages of the American labors have been increasingly growing since December 2004. Due the increase in the income, there is an increase in the consumer spending as well. The rise in the consumer income rate was due to improve in the wages and the salaries of the American employees. The bonuses and the compensation were given by many companies to their employees, before in the raise in taxes. The consumption rate of the consumer was raised up to 2.2 percent, which was more than the estimated rate. The increase in the per person income rate is more than the estimated, this shows that the American economy have improved more than the expectation. There is an increase in the payroll tax from February, which has decreased the

3-D Magnetic Data Inversion with Physical Bound

3-D Magnetic Data Inversion with Physical Bound A new method Mohammad Rezaie1*, Sahar Moazam2 1 PhD in mineral exploration, Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. 2 MSc in mineral exploration, Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. Abstract Inversion of magnetic data is an important step in the interpretation of practical data. Smooth inversion is a common technique for inversion of magnetic data. Physical bound constraints can improve the solution of the magnetic inverse problem. However, how to introduce the bound constraint into the inversion procedure is important. Imposing bound constraints makes magnetic data inversion a non-linear inverse problem. In this study, a new algorithm for 3D inversion of magnetic data is developed which use an efficient penalization function for imposing bound constraints and Gauss Newton method to achieve the solution. An adaptive regularization method is used for choosing regularization parameter in this inversion approach. The inversion results of synthetic data show that the new method can produce models which adequately match with real location and shape of synthetic bodies. The test carried out on the field data from Mt. Milligan Cu-Au porphyry deposit shows that the new inversion approach could produce the magnetic susceptibility models consistent with the true structures. Keywords: Magnetic data, Inversion, physical bound, Gauss Newton, Regularization. 1. Introduction Magnetic surveys can provide useful information about the Earths interior. Magnetic measurements are usually used to delineate magnetic anomalous bodies and indicate their locations and depths. One of the most important topics in the quantitative interpretation of potential field data is the inversion of practical data (Rezaie et al. 2015). Inversion can be defined as a mathematical procedure that constructs a subsurface property (susceptibility) model using measured (magnetic) data by incorporating a priori information as available. The recovered models must predict the measured data adequately (Foks et al. 2014). 3D inversion of potential field data such as magnetic data is generally difficult (Jin et al. 2013). The main difficulty is the non-uniqueness of the solution in magnetic inverse problem. There are infinite equivalent source distributions that produce the same measured magnetic data set (Blakely 1996). The standard approach to overcome this issue is applying a priori infor mation. Several approaches have been introduced for incorporating priori information into the inversion process (Last and Kubik 1983; Barbosa and Silva 1994; Li and Oldenburg 1996, 1998, 2003; Pilkington 1997, 2008; Portniaguine and Zhdanov 1999; Farquharson 2008; Lelievre et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2015). Last and Kubik (1983) developed the compact inversion method which produce compact and structurally simple model. Guillen and Menichetti (1984) minimize the moment of inertia of the body with respect to the center of the body or along single axis passing through it. Barbosa and Silva (1994) generalize the moment of inertia functional to impose compactness along several axes. Li and Oldenburg (1996, 1998) developed a model objective function that produce smooth models. This method can locate anomaly sources accurately nevertheless, the values of the recovered model are smaller than the true values due to the smoothness effect of the objective function. Portniaguine and Zhdanov (1999) developed a focusing inversion method based on compact inversion method for potential field data. Barbosa and Silva (2006) developed an interactive method for inverting magnetic data with interfering anomalies produced by multiple, complex, and closely separated geologic sources. Farquharson (2008) used L 1 measure of Li and Oldenburgs model objective function to recover dipping structures and models which have angled interfaces.   Lelievre et al. (2009) used Li and Oldenburgs (1996, 1998) model objective function and developed advanced constrained inversion by geological information. Zhang et al. (2015) improved Li and Oldenburgs method by applying Lagrangian multipliers in the model objective function to add geological constraints. In the 3D inversion of potential field data, particular bounds of the physical property may be known. This physical bound constraint can improve the solution and make it more feasible (Rezaie et al. 2017a). Consequently, how to introduce the bound constraint into the inversion procedure becomes an important issue. Portniaguine and Zhdanov (1999, 2002) used a penalization algorithm to impose bound constraint in focusing inversion of potential field data. Li and Oldenburg (2003) chose a logarithmic barrier method incorporating bound constraints on the re covered smooth model. Zhang et al. (2015) imposed bound constraint in smooth inversion of potential field data via a method using Lagrangian multipliers. However, imposing bound constraint makes magnetic data inversion a non-linear inverse problem. Therefore, the logarithmic barrier and Lagrangian multipliers methods increase computation time. Another issue in solving non-linear inverse problem is choosing regularization parameter that can increase computation time (Farquharson and Oldenburg, 2004). In this study, we develop a new 3D magnetic data inversion method based on the Gauss- Newton (GN) algorithm that can incorporate bound constraints on the recovered model using penalization algorithm introduced by Portniaguine and Zhdanov (1999, 2002). Also, we will use an adaptive regularization method for regularization parameter selection in our magnetic data inversion method. Finally, the capabilities of the proposed method are illustrated by its application to the inversion of a synthetic data set and to the 3D inversion of magnetic data from the Mt. Milligan deposit at British Columbia, Canada. 2. Methodology 2.1. Forward model for 3D magnetic anomalies Susceptibility distribution in the sub-surface () produce magnetic field (T) at the surface. The purpose of forward modeling is to compute this magnetic field. The total component of the magnetic field is given by (Blakely 1995): (1) where (Henry.meter-1), R denotes the volume occupied by causative body. is distance and is magnetization vector which can be obtained as a vector sum: (2) where is earths magnetic field and is remanent magnetization. If we ignore remanent component, the magnetization will be in the direction of the earths field and can be obtained simply as: (3) To compute total component of the magnetic field in Eq. (1), it is required to discretize the subsurface under the survey area into rectangular prisms of known sizes and positions with constant susceptibilities. The formulation for computation of magnetic response for each rectangular prism was presented by Bhattacharyya (1964) and later simplified into a form that is more suitable for fast computer implementation (Rao and Babu 1991). We use the formulation developed by Rao and Babu (1991) to compute magnetic response resulting from individual prisms. If the observed magnetic anomalies are caused by M subsurface prisms, the magnetic field at the field point i is given by: (4) where N is the number of observation point. The forward modeling of magnetic data using Eq. (1) and Eq. (4) can be written as following matrix equation: (5) Here, G is forward operator matrix that maps the physical parameters space into the data space. denotes the vector of unknown model parameters and is data vector that is given by measurement data. There are some error in measurement data because of noise that is usually assumed to be uncorrelated and have Gaussian distribution (Rezaie et al. 2017b), So (6) where, is vector of observed data and is vector of data error. The main purpose of the magnetic inverse problem is to find a geologically plausible susceptibility model ()based on G and some measured data () at the noise level. 2.2. Inversion method In the typical minimum-structure inversion procedure, subsurface of the survey area is discretized into rectangular prisms (cells) of known sizes and positions with the values of the physical property (e.g. susceptibility) in the cells that are called the model parameters to be estimated in the inversion (Rezaie et al. 2015). The solution can be obtained by minimization of an objective function, which is a combination of a measure of misfit between observation and predicted data and a measure of complexity of the model subject to a physical bound constraint (Li and Oldenburg 1996): (7) where is a regularization parameter. L is lower susceptibility bound, U is the upper susceptibility bound and the misfit functional is defined as (8) Here, is data weighting matrix given by . Where,stands for the standard deviation of the noise in the ith datum, and is a stabilizing functional (stabilizer) which measure minimum norm of model structure (Li and Oldenburg 1996, 1998, 2003): (9) where are coefficients that affect the relative importance of derivative components in different directions. resembles first-order finite-difference matrices in x, y and z directions. We have to use an additional depth weighting matrix for compensating lack of the data sensitivity to the deeper model parameters (Zhdanov 2015): (10) Now, Eq. (9) can be reformulated to apply the depth weighting matrix to the objective function. (11) where is the cumulative first-order finite-difference matrix. Eq. (7) is reformulated using matrix notation to incorporate depth weighting easily: (12) where and . Eq. (12) is transformed into a space of weighted model parameters by replacing the variables and (Rezaie et al. 2017a): (13) The solution of Eq. (13) is obtained according to the regularization theory similar to the classical minimum norm optimization problem (Tikhonov et al. 1977). The solution of the magnetic inverse problem is obtained by minimizing this equation using the GN method. The upper (U) and lower (L) susceptibility bounds can be imposed during the inversion process to recover more feasible model. If an achieved susceptibility value falls outside the bounds, the value at that cell is projected back to the nearest upper or lower susceptibility bound (Portniaguine and Zhdanov 1999). To solve Eq. (13) with GN method, assume the obtained solution denoted by at the (n − 1)th iteration, and the predicted data corresponding to this model are .Then at the nth iteration, a model perturbation can be achieved by solving following equation so that the inverted model can be updated by (Aster et al. 2013): (14) where is the regularization parameter in nth iteration. Then the solution of the inverse problem in Eq. (7), is given by (15) In order to recover a more feasible model of the subsurface, upper (U) and lower (L) physical bounds of susceptibility are imposed in each iteration to force. If a given susceptibility value falls outside the bounds, the susceptibility value of that cell is projected back to the nearest physical bound value. The solution to Eq. (14) is also equivalent to the least-squares solution of (16) The least-squares solution of the Eq. (16) is obtained by a fast iterative method such as Lanczos Bidiagonalization (LB) (Pagie and Saunders 1982) at each GN iteration. therefore, the proposed algorithm would be suitable for large scale problems (Rezaie et al. 2017a,b). The GN iterations stop when the RMS misfit reaches an acceptable level or the model corrections become small enough (Pilkington 2008). We have used an adaptive method for choosing regularization parameter similar to which was proposed by Farquharson (2008) which is a fast and efficient algorithm for choosing regularization parameter. The regularization parameter is started at 100 () which is a relatively large value. If an inversion is performed with the regularization parameter fixed at this value, a model would be produced that had a small amount of structure and predicted data under fit the observations. At each iteration, the regularization parameter is damped to give a slow but steady progression of models with increasing structure and decreasing data misfits: (17) where    based on empirical experiments. 3. Synthetic test We apply our algorithm to a synthetic test to evaluate the reliability of the introduced method. The synthetic model consists of two different blocks with dimension 200 m 200 m 200 m which are embedded beneath the surface so that susceptibility of uniform background is zero. The Susceptibility of each block is 0.06 (SI). Perspective view of the true model is displayed in Fig. (1a). Fig. 1 perspective view of the synthetic model with 2 blocks (a). Magnetic anomaly produced by the synthetic model with 5 % Gaussian noise of the accurate datum magnitude. Depth to the top of the shallower block (block (1)) is 50 m and depth to the top of the deeper block (block (2)) is 100 m. The total-field anomaly data have been generated above the surface assuming an inducing field with inclination (I) of 75, declination (D) of 25 and a strength of 50000 nT. The data generated over a grid of 1000 m 1000 m with sample spacing of 25 m. There are 1600 data and 5 % Gaussian noise of the accurate datum magnitude has been added (Fig. 1b). The subsurface is divided into 40 40 20 = 32000 rectangular prisms with the same size of 25 m for inversion. The inverse problem has been solved using the proposed method that is described in the preceding section (). The solution obtained after 5 iterations with RMS of 0.05. Fig. 2 shows a plan section and a cross section through the recovered model from proposed inversion method. The result indicates acceptable smooth reconstruction of the synthetic multisource blocks at different depth levels below the surface. The recovered bodies in the model are smooth and adequately matched with real location of synthetic bodies. Fig. 2 Plan sections through the recovered susceptibility model obtained from the 3D inversion of magnetic data at depth= -125 m (a). A cross-sectional slice of the susceptibility model at Northing= 500 m (b). The borders indicate the true position of each body. 4. Inversion of field data Mt. Milligan is a Cu-Au porphyry deposit situated in central British Columbia. Geological information obtained from a major drilling program show the host rocks of the deposit are Mesozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks and contain intrusive monzonitic rocks that have accessory magnetite. There is an intensive hydrothermal alteration primarily in the region near the boundaries of the monzonite stock. The monzonite body is known as the MBX stock (Oldenburg et al. 1997). The copper and gold are concentrated in the potassic alteration zone, which is mainly around the contact of the monzonite intrusions (MBX) and may extend outward and into fractured volcanic rocks. However, magnetite is one of the strong indicators of the potassic alteration. In this region, magnetic data are acquired at 12.5 m spacing along lines in the east direction that spaced 50 m apart (Li and Oldenburg 1996). We use the data at 25 m spacing which yields 1920 data points. The reduced magnetic anomaly map is shown in Fig. (3). Fig. 3 The magnetic anomaly map of Mt. Milligan. The data are on 25 m 25 m grid. The direction of the inducing field is I= 75 and D= 25.73 with a strength of 58193 nT. It is assumed that each datum have an error whose standard deviation is equal to 5 percent of its magnitude (Li and Oldenburg 2003). To invert these data, the subsurface of the area is discretized into 48 40 18 = 34560 cells each of size 25 m. The positivity constraint was imposed which means lower (L) physical bounds of susceptibility are set to 0 SI. The solution is obtained after 112 iteration with RMS error of 0.05 which is about the predicted noise of the data. The recovered model is shown in Fig. (4) as one plan-section and one cross-section. The true edge of MBX stock and mineral assemblage which were derived from the drilling results overlaid on the cross-section. Fig. 4 The recovered susceptibility model shown in a plan-section at the depth of -80 m (a). A cross-section at the northing of 600 m overlaid by true boundary of monzonite body (MBX) with black line and mineral deposit with red shaded polygon (b). The results indicate that the anomalous body of magnetic susceptibility highs are mostly associated with the monzonite intrusion. There is a moderate anomalous body at the center of cross-section which is probably caused by magnetite content of potassic alteration. This area coincides with mineral deposit. Thus, the obtained solution is in a good agreement with true geologic boundaries of Mt. Milligan deposit. 5. Conclusions We have developed a new algorithm for inversion of magnetic data using Gauss Newton method. In each GN iteration LB method is used for solving least- square problem. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is efficient for large scale problems. We used an adaptive regularization method for choosing regularization parameter in each iteration which is a fast and efficient method for choosing regularization parameter. In the new algorithm, the physical bound constraint can be imposed during the inversion process via penalization function which does not need any transformation. Therefore, this method of imposing bound constraint is more efficient. The obtained results show the new developed 3D inversion method is able to produce a smooth solution which define the shape and extent of synthetic bodies adequately. Furthermore, the application of this inversion algorithm for a field magnetic data from Mt. Milligan deposit produced a model that is consistent with the available geological information. Compression methods such as wavelet compression which can compress the kernel matrix and using parallel programing that decrease the required memory and computation time will be subject of future works for large scale problems.

America And The Ludendorrf Offensive :: essays research papers

The Entry of the USA and the Failure of the Ludendorff Offensive. The Entry of the USA. Both of these factors were very important in determining the outcome of the war. The American factor was important because when America joined the war, it was a critical period for the allies (April 1917). At the time they joined, Britain only had six weeks supply of corn, the French armies were exhausted after Verdun and French morale was so low that ten divisions had mutinied so the American involvement boosted the allies morale. At the time the Russian army was disintegrating after the February revolution so the German army for the first time, could transfer all their troops on the Eastern front to the Western front, so for the first time in the war having numerical superiority on the Western front, also because of the treaty of Brest-Litovich the Germans had much more guns and equipment that the allies. Also at the time, the Italians contribution was much weakened by the battle of Caporetto in November, so the situation at the time for the allies was quite dire! The US navy, when America entered the war, sent lots of destroyers to Ireland to help with anti-submarine patrols. Also, US Admiral Simms enabled Prime Minister Lloyd George to overcome Admiralty resistance to the convoy system so cutting our ship losses from twenty five percent to one percent, which was vital, if Britain was to stay in the war. Also America closed off the submarine threat from Germany by laying a big mine barrage across the North Sea. Although it was not until June 1918 before the Germans had enough troops in Europe to do any serious damage to the Germans and it was not until September that the Americans were strong enough to launch a major offensive (the Meuse-Argonne battle that engaged 1.2 million Americans for 47 days). The US armies also gave the allies the margin of Victory by giving us many men and guns that we would not have otherwise had. I.e.: In April 1918 the Germans had 300,000 more men that we did on the Western front but by November 1918, the allies had 600,000 more men than the Germans on the Western front. This was in part because that Germans were losing many lives through the Ludendorff offensive but mainly because the Americans poured many men in to Europe. America And The Ludendorrf Offensive :: essays research papers The Entry of the USA and the Failure of the Ludendorff Offensive. The Entry of the USA. Both of these factors were very important in determining the outcome of the war. The American factor was important because when America joined the war, it was a critical period for the allies (April 1917). At the time they joined, Britain only had six weeks supply of corn, the French armies were exhausted after Verdun and French morale was so low that ten divisions had mutinied so the American involvement boosted the allies morale. At the time the Russian army was disintegrating after the February revolution so the German army for the first time, could transfer all their troops on the Eastern front to the Western front, so for the first time in the war having numerical superiority on the Western front, also because of the treaty of Brest-Litovich the Germans had much more guns and equipment that the allies. Also at the time, the Italians contribution was much weakened by the battle of Caporetto in November, so the situation at the time for the allies was quite dire! The US navy, when America entered the war, sent lots of destroyers to Ireland to help with anti-submarine patrols. Also, US Admiral Simms enabled Prime Minister Lloyd George to overcome Admiralty resistance to the convoy system so cutting our ship losses from twenty five percent to one percent, which was vital, if Britain was to stay in the war. Also America closed off the submarine threat from Germany by laying a big mine barrage across the North Sea. Although it was not until June 1918 before the Germans had enough troops in Europe to do any serious damage to the Germans and it was not until September that the Americans were strong enough to launch a major offensive (the Meuse-Argonne battle that engaged 1.2 million Americans for 47 days). The US armies also gave the allies the margin of Victory by giving us many men and guns that we would not have otherwise had. I.e.: In April 1918 the Germans had 300,000 more men that we did on the Western front but by November 1918, the allies had 600,000 more men than the Germans on the Western front. This was in part because that Germans were losing many lives through the Ludendorff offensive but mainly because the Americans poured many men in to Europe.

Two truths and a lie

Emma lives in a foster home because her mom abandoned her in the hospital, and now lives with a family who has a foster mom who is mean and a foster brother who is always trying o get Emma in trouble or either trying to see her naked. Meanwhile Sutton went to a good home with a really loving family and she always gets what she wants and is loved by almost everybody. But one day really surprisingly Sutton disappeared.Lauren who is Cotton's sister but turns out to be a foster sister is really mean and disrespectful to Sutton is always trying to get her in trouble so Lauren can be the good kid in the family, Lauren always turns things around, if Sutton wants to help her, she twists the situation so Sutton would get blamed for it. She changed into a better errors when she got to know Sutton more because she didn't really pay attention to getting to know Sutton more, she Just paid attention to getting Sutton In trouble and not paying attention to Cotton's feelings nor emotions.As they bec ame closer hey started to trust each other more and they had an unbreakable bond. This book compares to other books Is that It caught my attention because I read the back of It and got interested in the book and I don't like too much books because I'm a picky reader, it takes me a while to find a book and get Interested In It so I was happy I found this book. The kind of reader who would Like this book Is a person who Likes fiction but I'm not sure If my book Is a fiction. What I notice about myself as a reader Is that I'm a slow reader and I get lazy sometimes and don't read at home but I try to read as much as can.My mall goal this month Is to read more books and try harder and put more effort In reading because It's going to help me In a long run and I'll know more about thing. I really want to read different kinds books. Two truths and a lie By Victoria-Hosanna getting to know Sutton more, she Just paid attention to getting Sutton in trouble and amperes to other books is that it caught my attention because I read the back of it reader, it takes me a while to find a book and get interested in it so I was happy I found this book.The kind of reader who would like this book is a person who likes fiction but I'm not sure if my book is a fiction. What I notice about myself as a reader is that I'm a slow reader and I get lazy sometimes and don't read at home but I try to read as much as can. My main goal this month is to read more books and try harder and put more effort in reading because it's going to help me in a long run and I'll

Essay Sample on Forensic Science The Search for Justice

Essay Sample on Forensic Science The Search for Justice A Chicago native, Kathleen J. Reichs is an award winning international bestseller, winner of the 1997 Ellis award for best first novel. Her novel Deja Dead was only the first in a series of books. She went on to write four more novels: Death du Jour, Deadly Decisions , Fatal voyage and Grave Secrets. Kathy Reichs is a internationally recognized forensic anthropologist working on cases around the world, from examining the tomb of the unknown soldier, and working at ground zero, New York, to being an expert witness between Charlotte and Montreal were she currently divides her time. These experiences are what gave birth to her novels, each of her stories is based on her own personal experiences. Evil exists in every human being, the closest most get to this evil is by criminal activities. But, most people also have a natural need for justice when this evil called crime is committed. Justice is often acquired through the means of forensic science, or simply forensics, the application of science to law. Scientific procedures, methods, and technologies are used in investigating these crimes and proving the guilt of an accused suspect in a court of law. After the evidence is gathered from a crime scene, and photographs have been taken. A crime involving a body normally begins with the Medical Examiner ( also referred to as the ME) conducts an autopsy, the examination of the body after death. The ME studies the deceased to determine his or her identity, as well as the cause, method, mode and time of death. The ME determines the time of death by pathology. When a human dies he or she shuts down in stages, the bodies live temperature of 98,6 degrees, is maintained for one to two hours after death, then begins to cool, till it finally drops to it‘s surroundings temperature. But, this method is only used if the body has been discovered within 48 hours. For those cadavers found weeks after death a forensic entomologist enters the scene and uses his or her knowledge of insect life to determine the time and date of death. Insects are attracted to a decaying corpses odour. This may smell bad to humans, but for an insect it’s chow time, and a perfect place for laying eggs. Since insects go through different stages of life at different times, a forensic entomologist (FE) will take samples of the insects surrounding the body, and identify what species they are. Then the FE will cultivate the larvae to discover the time each stage takes. Once the species and stages of their life has been established, the entomologist can determine how many hours and days the body has gone unfound. Insects can also tell if the body has been moved after death by comparing the local insects found around the body and the insects inside the body. Identifying a corpse is sometimes very simple, people usually carry with them a wallet or some kind of identification, it’s a simple task to simply examen the contents of a wallet. But, in some infrequent circumstances a body is not carrying any identification and no one is able to identify him or her. Under these circumstances, the ME, and other forensic specialists are brought in to work with the evidence and make an identification. The easiest things to do are to describe the victims appearance and search the missing persons reports. The next step would be to take the body’s fingerprints and compare it with the federal fingerprint files. Since no two people have the exact same fingerprints and the pattern is unchanged through life if a match is found the deceased has an identity. Fingerprints can also link a suspect to his crime, fingerprints found at the scene of the crime are compared to a suspect’s fingerprints establishing absolute proof the suspected was there. If a body part or a bodies skeleton his found, enter the forensic anthropologists to identify the victim’s remains. A forensic anthropologist must suggest the age, sex, stature, ethnic group, and other unique characteristics of a descendent with anthropology, the study of human beings. In the novel Fatal Voyage, author Kathy Reichs has her heroine, forensic anthropologist Dr. Temperance Brennan, investigating plane crash victims. Body parts have been scattered and Dr. Brennan must determine which body parts go together to identify the body by comparing her description to the description of the passengers on the plane. In other cases without a passenger list investigators can take the description made by the forensic anthropologist and compare it to missing persons files. Forensic science depends on evidence to help solve a crime, and bring criminals to justice. Evidence is a reliable witness, it can be anything and everything in the physical universe that helps establish the facts. From a single hair, to a trail of blood, we humans are made of a cocktail of biological materials that can be left behind at the crime scene, which all can be used to identify the criminal with DNA analysis. Other evidence can suggest contact between the victim and the suspect. Like Sherlock Holmes depended on his trusty magnifying glass, the forensic scientists of today depend on their tools of the trade to uncover evidence. Without these technologies some evidence needed to solve the crime would be obsolete and others not even uncovered. An example would be the chemical luminol, used to highlight blood that has been washed away from the crime scene. . Many books, television programs and movies have based themselves on the idea of forensic science and detective work, from Sherlock Holmes to the popular television show CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. These stories show a glimpse of the work involved in forensics, but only a glimpse. On the television and in movies the hero or heroine often reveals the identity of the criminal with one piece of evidence, one clue, that solves the hole case. The real investigators are much harder working and cannot reveal the criminal that instantly. Very often the cases cannot be solved due to an insufficiency of evidence. The search for justice is a hard and long process, which involves many scientific methods procedures, and technologies. For some the search of justice is to strenuous, but for others who remind themselves that justice is needed in a society of laws, it’s a living. Kathy Reichs describes the reasons for doing what she does in her book Fatal Voyage when her heroine Dr. Brennan says, †I want to serve both the living and the dead. The dead have a right to be identified .To have their stories drawn to a close and to take their places in our memories. If they died at the hands of another, they also have a right to have those hands brought to account.† Forensic scientists require extensive knowledge, training, and skill. They also require a healthy appetite of curiosity, a quean eye of observation, the emotional stamina to work with human tragedies, and to be able to view the evil of man.

[WATCH] How to use yoga principles to find your career path

[WATCH] How to use yoga principles to find your career path If you find yourself overwhelmed by your professional life, or even life in general, you’re not alone. Rebecca Foon, co-founder of the international climate change advocacy group, Pathway to Paris, sat down with Daily Fuel at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Â  There she discussed all she learned in her 20’s regarding the pressure we tend to put on ourselves for immediate results and immediate answers, and how self-destructive that approach can so often be.Listen to Rebecca share what she’s since learned; that taking a step back, and taking a deep breath, and letting life come to us and sort itself out can indeed be the pathway to fulfillment.Source: [DailyFuel]

Managing Across Cultures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Across Cultures - Research Paper Example The international HRM practices are the focal point of research community for a considerable period of time. Tayeb, (2001) notes that the social scientists engaged in studying management styles in various cultures could not subtract their emotions from their respective work, due to this reason their findings are not impartial. The employees are found to stand apart from adopting various methods of operating, which appears foreign to them (Kirkman & Shapiro), so the global enterprises have to select those people, who are not rigidly committed, to their indigineous ways of performing organizational tasks and readily willing to embrace new norms of doing the routine work. There is a significant positive link discovered, amongst the companies’ norms and these of overall domestic nuture across various nations on the globe (Verburg, Drenth, Koopman, Muijen, & Wang, 1999). Conflict Management Strategies The term team could be referred as an entity containing individuals, these indivi duals compensate for the weaknesses of each other and support each others’ strengths to achieve a common goal, often these formal groups are lead by an inidividual entitle as team leader (Sasou & Reason, 1998). Forming a team could take several years. During teamwork every individual has a distinctive task to perform, therefore when one or more teammembers are absent, they will be missed by other in the team, usuaally members of these teams are crossfunctionally trained to take up the role of others when needed common instances are football, basketball and baseball teams. The conflict of interesr could also arise within teams, often when the members constituting, an entity mentioned above have diverging objectives or goals from those of the entity. So the researchers identified the following strategies to manage the clash amongst the team members Arbitration through Openness This method revolves around frankness and low power distance among the levels of command within the or ganization (Rahim & Psenicka, 2002), so the individuals in conflict are given all means to rectify the undesirable condition and the top management does not interfere with the situation, but it plays the role of facilitator at most. This type of arbitration is ideally suitable for the cultures where power distance is low and sense of professionaism is at its best. Arbitration through Similarities This way is offshoot of the previous one, but in this case the team lead, is somewhat active in pointing out the similarities both parties have in common (Rahim & Psenicka, 2002),, thus attempt to ease the tension. Thus it is all about making the conflicting parties see each other viewpoint and practice empathy. Arbitration through Authority This method involves, leader utilizing organizational authority vested in him or her, to resolve the issue (Rahim & Psenicka, 2002), but in this modern era, this approach is discouraged, because in the long run it results in job stress and low level of organizational and job commitment among the suppressed ones. Non interference It is not a method of resolution, but it is best described as let the problems solve themselves (Rahim & Psenicka, 2002), it is the most passive approach and responsible for

Before and After School Care Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Before and After School Care Program - Essay Example Before and After School Care Program At present, many parents are able to give care to their children before going to school and after coming home from school. However, due to the financial crises that have been hitting the country for a long time, the number of children whose parents are both working to fulfill financial needs of the family, including single parents that also work, has increased up to 62% (Theobald, 2000). This shift also caused the changes in the people who interact and care for children, and mostly these are non-family members such as nannies or baby-sitters, school teachers, child care center workers and before- and after-school care providers (Sonenstein, Gates, Schmidt, & Bolshun, 2002). The before- and after-school programs provided education and care for children in an effective way so that parents would be able to work and add to the financial stability of the family, and for the children to have an enhanced development of their social and academic statuses (Blau & Currie, 2006). It was also reported that such programs that were designed to provide adult supervision to children by as much as two hours a day on average, depending on the age of the child. These activities are seen as extra-curricular activities that provide enrichment to a child’s development (Kleiner, Nolin, & Chapman, 2004). While most young and preschool children are sent to public day care centers or made prior arrangements to schools for extra-curricular activities by their parents, some companies also started offering child day care centers and other before- and after-school programs for working parents’ children, for their peace of mind during work hours (Working Mother, 2003). Companies are also able to assist working parents of school-aged children by providing flexible work hours and even working at home in order for them to be able to both work for financial stability as well as to be able to supervise their children’s growth and developme nt. Another example on how companies are able to help working parents is by providing parental leave privileges for those who just had a baby either by birth or through adoption. Such benefits offered by the employers not only increase the morale of their employees, but also gives the company a good public image, which in turn could increase their workforce and decrease worker turnover (US Department of Labor, 1994). An example of a company that gives its parent employees a chance to work for longer hours with less hassle is Intermedics Co., whom in 1979 built and opened a high-quality child care center in Freeport, TX. Even if there is a charge of $15 a week for full-time child care, the job turnover rates decreased up to 37% and the reduced absenteeism resulted in the company saving more than $2 million for the first two years (US Department of Labor, 1994). Some companies do not provide child care services, but are able to assist their working parent- employees through other mean s. A center for mildly ill children named Chicken Soup collaborated with employers in such a way that employees who brought in their children to the center instead of letting them stay at home were still able to go to work due to the proximity of the center to the workplace. Absenteeism was reduced and the employers were able to save up to 85% of the cost of having an absent employee (US Department of